Tag Archive: market facilitation


The Anchor Leg

It was a quiet day. The roads were deserted and everyone had the day off to vote at the election polls. Only a handful of people were in the office to get some work done. Sitting in the big office in the virtually empty warehouse, I plugged away at the profit and loss numbers trying to make sense of all… and I found out that I wasn’t alone. “Anthony, can you come to our office for a second, we need to talk.” One of the owners asked me.

They had invited a technical advisor who joined us over the last two weeks. He ultimately advised to close down shops and approach established independent shops to be dealers. Just before the conclusion of his time, we were in mildly heated debates trying to sift out the way forward. There were a lot of numbers that were thrown around. Spreadsheets, reports and ideas were overflowing my head. I had to play mental catch up as I split my attention between trying to think about each idea critically while trying to come up with some innovative idea to contribute to the discussion. In the end, we were advised that the way forward was to shut down the shops with the highest losses. We walked away from the discussion with a list.

Now, it was just the two business owners and I sitting in the small office, dazed, confused and exhausted from the last few days. “So, Anthony, we were just going over the numbers again and wanted to see what you thought of them.” I was glad to see that I wasn’t the only one who had growing doubts on the strategy we were convinced to pursue just a few days earlier. “If we shut down those shops, and redistribute the overhead, it just makes other shops go into loss.” “That’s what I was seeing too” I replied.

Detailed analysis revealed that each shop was still independently profitable as long as we removed the overhead costs of operations at headquarters, confirming what we assumed at the beginning of the placement. “I was looking at the analysis this morning, and the main problem is overhead costs. Primarily: wages, transportation, and rent.” After seeing agreement in their eyes, I continued to share my thoughts. “As of now, those costs are fixed and in my opinion underutilized. Do you think we can stand to cut wages, or transportation?” I threw the question out there. Fuel costs are on the way up and vehicles only get older. When thinking about everyone at headquarters, the sales manager, the warehouse manager, the accountant, the administrative staff, and the stock controllers, I couldn’t think of anyone that isn’t vital to the business. In times of trouble, with skyrocketing costs, stiff competition, and political uncertainty, these are the people to invest in, not cut. Feeling the tension that the question put to the room, I eventually got the answer I was looking for. “No, we need everyone. They’re all essential.”

I began to probe what they thought of the second recommendation given: to strike deals with other agricultural shops so they could stock our product while we close our own outlets. “For dealers… they make up about 20% of your business. Is there enough potential dealers to overcome the void created by closing our own outlets?” With little thought and a shared confirming glance, they both said “No. No we can’t. It’s just not possible. Not even with our most ambitious projections.”

All three of us in the room were circling around a strategy that I felt was returning to the forefront. “I feel that with the latest improvements at headquarters, you have the capacity to manage more shops. What happens to the profit margins if we relocate the lower performing shops and open more outlets in underserved areas?” They nodded and waited for another my next question. “You mentioned potentially opening an additional shop in the same city north of here. How long would it take before we see it perform? What’s the potential there?” “It, usually it takes 3 months for a shop to reach its potential and at that location, we should see volumes anywhere up to 50% of the shop already there.” “Can you sustain the initial losses?” After a few keystrokes and clicks by the mouse, the picture was shown to me. “We can do it.”

The air in the room was much lighter than it has been the last few weeks. Slight smiles could be seen on their faces.  “So we’re clear, we’re going to open more outlets, and relocate shops that are underperforming… Good. Thanks Anthony.”

It was now clear that the original strategy to open more shops made more sense than closing them down. It grows the potential to reach more farmers, is in line with of all the work we’ve done so far to build the business’ capacity and, most importantly, takes advantage of the potential in the market.

Now that I’m entering the anchor leg of this placement, I’m again re-energized, excited and pushing forward to see this project through to the finish.

The air was dry and the sun was racing upward. Chips of chicken could be heard through the greetings between farmers stepping off the bus. Stretching my legs felt great after the long drive to Chingola. Forgetting my sunglasses, I squinted through the crowd looking for familiar faces. I stretched out my hand to greet the poultry consultant we hired for the workshop we were providing that day for free, thanks to a local NGO grant provided for agricultural training. “Ahh…the turnout is not so good.” He told me. “What happened?”, “[The mobile provider] failed to send out the text messages to the farmers. Many did not know of this event.”

The host farmer welcoming other poultry farmers to the workshop on poultry management.

It was sad really. The farmers who arrived were learning the intricacies of poultry farming. How to maintain your flock, diagnose problems, and properly manage production. Some of these farmers were very young, fresh out of school, taking the first steps to generating their own income. Many others could have benefited as much as them, for free, if they’d only knew where to go.

I returned to the office the next day. Everyone was busy at their desks getting an understanding of the day-to-day business. “What are your sales for today?” asked one staff member over the phone, “How much feed do you have left?” asked another. All of this talk took time and all of that time cost the company a lot of money. The monthly bill for one of their phone lines was 3 times my monthly rent.

The main office phone and link between shops and the depot

The Problems

The main communications infrastructure of this business needed to be improved. They, unfruitfully, relied on others to inform customers of any new developments. They also relied on lengthy voice communications to get day-to-day numbers that they use to understand the current state of the business.

Cost
Talking costs money. They were paying a fortune for the amount of time that was being spent on the phone.

Time

The time consumed multiplied fast. It took time from head office, it took time from the shop managers, it took their time away from helping farmers, who now had to wait longer to be served.

Response Time

Some days would require rapid changes in strategy. Day-old-chicks are sold every Friday and they are predetermined to hatch 21 days earlier. The business has to ensure that all the baby chickens have a home, and all customers who prepaid will receive what they paid for. Shop managers in different areas need to rapidly coordinate their sales to ensure that the business as a whole will meet (and not exceed) that number. Calling shops one-by-one made it difficult to coordinate those sales from the main depot since it could take up to 2 hours to contact all the outlets.

Less Time for Customers

With the majority of time of the main lines used in lengthy internal conversations. This did not leave a lot of time on our lines for staff to call our customer farmers and talk to them about their flock or remind them of upcoming training events.

Point-of-Sale Equipment

None of the shops currently have computers on hand, nor internet. Power is also unreliable. However, all shops have access to cell phones and cellular service. (Many were provided with company phones)

Deploying Change

To reduce cost, increase response time and potentially increase our connection to our poultry farmer customers, we deployed a text message based system to communicate between the main depot and the various shops. One computer acts as the central hub of text message communication. It, currently, allows messaging of various groups of contacts and keeps records of any responses.

Initial benefits

  • The messaging rate is about 20sec/message. This allows us to reach 9-10 shops in under 4 minutes.
  • Cost to communicate with all shops is significantly reduced.
  • All incoming information is stored on a central computer in digital form rather than on lose sheets of paper.
  • Incoming information can be easily copied from text messages into spreadsheets already in use.
  • Shop managers can respond when they have down time, rather than being interrupted for many minutes at any point during the day.

“Anthony, this is really good. Soooo much easier”, Charles said, sitting beside me staring at his computer screen. “Look Anthony, almost all the shops have already sent in their sales numbers”. Later he was calling those who did not respond to his text messages trying to explain to them that sales needs to be texted in to the new number that we’re using as our “server”. I was excited to see that he was already reinforcing the new process without my involvement.

Stack of record sheets where staff used to record numbers that they were told over the phone

This initial step, though rudimentary, is important. We eliminate the big problems in one cost effective move, and set up a system that staff are already working to grow and reinforce, increasing the chance that this system will be sustained in the future. We were successful despite having no training for shop managers indicating that it is appropriate to the skill level of staff. The system launched with this one simple text message: “To all shops, you will now be sending in your sales to this number. We will no longer be calling for them.”

With this infrastructure in place, and the capabilities the system has, we’ll have the ability to grow towards cellphone based digital forms that shop managers can fill out and submit into the depot, have automated responses for farmers requesting the latest prices by text, inform our customers of upcoming poultry management training events we’re hosting and the list goes on.

Simply switching from voice to text opens the doors to many of these possibilities.

Implementing a system to improve communication and awareness of the state of the business… just one more item off the list of key deliverables.

Trust and Relationships

“Business is now global. However, it still boils down to building relationships and building trust with people. You’ll need to experience how to build those relationships in different countries and with people of different cultures.”

I was listening intently, with the few others around the table, to one of the top executives of Eaton’s Electrical Sector. He just answered the question I asked him “Why are international experiences within the company something that we are all being told to pursue?”

About six of us in the company’s Leadership Development Program, were seated at my table. We travelled from all over North America to attend a leadership conference attended by 300 other individuals from all over the world. We were seated in a room for private functions of a nice restaurant in Cleveland, the location of the company’s world headquarters. Some waiters quickly served our drink orders while other waiters laid our main course in front of us. Our appetites were primed by the assortment of cheeses laid out in front of us that were labelled with names I’ve never heard before and by the discussion of future plans surrounding careers, families, business studies with old friends.

Colleagues in Cleveland

At the conference we attended valuable workshops where we discussed career paths, personal development, upholding the values of doing business right: ethically and sustainably, while building our network within the company and the importance of getting international business experience. However, all these weren’t as valuable as hearing that international business, like any local business boils down to relationships and trust.

My cubicle before I left for Zambia

This is true even when working with agents in rural Zambia. When approaching, new farmers with a community based agricultural agent, the underlying the whole conversation is a question that’s not said but constantly alluded to is: “why should I trust you with my money?” This can usually be overcome with the agent’s past and references. One of the agents I have worked with is also a leading farmer for a cotton company that works in Eastern Province and thus has been responsible for many other cotton farmers in the area making him a trusted individual in the community.

When meeting new customers it’s also been normal to be welcomed into one of the villager’s homes to eat. Over a meal of nsima, rapeseed and water we usually discuss the well being of everyone’s families, the purpose of agricultural agents and how they can serve rural villagers and who I, the Canadian, has found his way into their home from so far away.

References count. The fact that one agent was respected by his fellow cotton farmers was one factor that lead to successes unmatched by other agents in his district. He was trusted with money, he was known to joke around with everyone he meets and is generally liked as an individual by the majority of the community.

Agent in Chinjala and my other agent from Kalanje (right) building trust by spraying cattle for disease prevention on a promotional discount

Contrast this to another area where community ties are weaker. Another agent lives in an area where villages are not the norm. Farmers have their houses in the middle of their vast land and have to walk a few kilometres to visit their neighbours. This other agent was struggling to make sales and gain the trust of individuals. In fact, one farmer said they trusted me, a Canadian, who they suspected was some sort of CEO or agricultural scientist (I’m not) more than the agent I was learning from. Building trust and relationships are more difficult in this environment and the low sales and requests for advice show it.

Trust and relationships: an important part of building a business in Zambia and, in fact, the world.

The water was simply violent. I couldn’t see anything except unfocused specs of light above my head. The muffled sounds of the waves above me now was a stark contrast to the order to “Hang-on!” shouted by our guide just a second earlier. All I could remember is being hit with a wall of water. My mind was confused by the contrast between the calm sounds and the chaotic forces pushing me in all directions. I held my breath. I quickly realized that I was underneath the raft. It flipped… I thought. I couldn’t be absolutely sure what happened, but I believed that it did. “Put your arms up and push yourself out in case you find yourself stuck underneath” I remembered from the 5 minute training session before we hit the water. These short seconds seemed like decades as my hands, one over the other, pushed off whatever rubber I could feel above me. With a glimpse of daylight I finally knew I was out. My chest hurt fighting the constricting life jacket and I was struggling to breathe. It that was strapped on tight to make sure I wouldn’t be sucked out of it by the currents. Gasping for air between swells and trying to avoid the rocks ahead, I began to see others were in the water beside me smiling from the excitement but also wide-eyed from the danger. The waves and white water around us revealed that we were still mid-way through a Class 5 rapid on the Zambezi River.

A few of us APSs rafting

This is one of the many sides of Zambia. The variety of experiences one can have here is pretty remarkable. After staying a few days in a middle-class apartment in the areas surrounding Lusaka where everyone still stares at me the foreigner out of curiosity, it was a big shock walking into the guest house filled with tourists and vacationers. To me, it looked like a 5-star resort after I saw the bar, pool, couches and lawn chairs. It looked like a different world.

This variety of experience adds a great deal of complexity to working in Agriculture Value Chains, in trying to facilitate development through markets. Every actor, in every level has lived and learned in such different environments and through different histories. One day I can be speaking with a CEO who travels internationally for holiday or business. Another day I can be speaking to a local NGO staffer who has only visited countries in close proximity. During this rafting trip, it was incredible to hear stories from our guides of learning to swim in pools and eventually being told they have to swim through the rapids of the Zambezi.

Discussing business development with a partner NGO staffer and senior management of a local Agro-chem company

The contrasts can be incredible. I was shocked when I revisited my home village near Chipata to hear that one of the agents I work with, who is about 5 years my senior, has never visited Lusaka in his entire life. He has never left his village for any long length of time. How can a market facilitator build links between all these actors? How can someone bring these individuals to trust each other and work together? That’s one of the challenges of market facilitation and one that must be overcome.

Heading back to the village after a morning of land preparation

Back in Lusaka, I picked up a dusty National Geographic September 2005 edition from a small basket. In it was an article entitled “Return to Zambia” about the trade of bush meat in Luangwa Valley. This article is about the land of wild-life reserves, rangers, remoteness, poachers, and farmer’s crops being devastated by the migration of elephants. My only experience with this world was a 7 hour chat with park ranger I had the luck to sit beside on a bus. We spoke the entire trip of tourism, development, his fondness of wild life and sleeping in the parks amongst the lions.

Zambia, market facilitation, development… all look different depending on where you come from, your values and your beliefs. I love one line in the National Geographic article because it was a strong reminder of how we need to step into all these shoes to complete our work. “A man’s idea of an elephant, for example, is bound to change depending on whether he experiences the animal at the end of a telephoto lens, the end of his millet plot, or as a weekly stew.”

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